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-
- A tutorial on explicit/parametric
- and
- everything you did not dare to ask
- about
- curves and surfaces
- in
- gnuplot
-
- Several types of curves and surface are supported in gnuplot. Of those
- not every operation is supported for every curve or surface type and it
- can be therefore useful to understand the different types, their advantages
- and limitations.
-
- Curves in gnuplot are almost always planar (with one exception which we
- will deal with in the end) and are assumed to be in the XY plane.
- Therefore only X and Y coordinates are needed for plotting curves.
- The simplest curve is the `explicit function`. This curve is in fact a
- function and for each given x, there is one and only one y value associated
- with it. A gnuplot example for such type is `plot sin(x)` or
- `plot "datafile" using 1". Note the later is using only a single column from
- the data file which is assumed to be the y values.
-
- Alternatively one can define a `parametric curve` form. In this case
- x and y are both functions of a third free parameter t, while independent
- of each other. A circle can be expressed parametrically as x = cos(t),
- y = sin(t) and be plotted using gnuplot as
- 'set parametric; plot cos(t),sin(t)'.
- This form is not a function since there can be unlimited number of y values
- associated with same x. Furthermore the explicit form is a special case of
- the parametric representation by letting x equal to t. The curve y = sin(x)
- can be written in parametric form as y = sin(t), x = t.
-
- We are used to think of the plane in cartesian coordinate system.
- In practice, some coordinate systems may be easier to use then others
- under some circumstances. The polar form uses a different basis
- to span the XY plane. In this representation the cartesian x coordinate
- is equal to r cos(t) and the cartesian y coordinate is equal to r sin(t).
- To draw a unit circle using the polar coordinate system in gnuplot use the
- following simple command: 'set polar; plot 1'. To better understand this
- explicit form lets backup a little.
- When we plot a regular explicit function like `y = sin(x)` we march in equal
- steps in x, evaluate the provided function and plot a piecewise linear curve
- between the sampled points approximating the real function. In the polar
- explicit form we do exactly the same thing, but we march along the angular
- direction - we turn around the origin, computing the length of the radius
- at that angle. Since for the unit circle, this radius is a constant 1,
- `plot 1` in polar form plots a circle (if t domain is from 0 or 2Pi).
- Note the polar form is explicit in that for each angle there is only a
- single radius.
-
- Surprisingly (or maybe not so surprising) surfaces share the same
- representations. Since surfaces are two dimensional entities, they
- require two free parameters (like t for curves).
-
- A surface explicit function uses x and y as the free parameters. For
- each such pair it provides a single z value. An example for this form
- can be `splot sin(sqrt(x**2+y**2))/sqrt(x**2+y**2)` for a three dimensional
- sinc function or `splot 'datafile' using 1`. As for curves, the single column
- used from the data file defines the function value or z in this case.
- The order of the x and y function values is very strict in this form and
- simply defines a rectangular grid in the XY plane. Fortunately this
- strict form allows us to apply a very simplistic hidden line algorithm
- called "the floating horizon". This hidden line algorithm exploits the
- rectangular XY domain of the surface and therefore may be used for this
- type of surfaces only. Since in gnuplot this is the only form of hidden
- lines removing algorithm provided, only explicit surfaces may have their
- hidden lines removed.
-
- Parametric surfaces are the exact extension for explicit surfaces as in
- the curves case. the x, y, and z are defined in terms of two new free
- variables and are totally independent of each other as x(u, v), y(u, v),
- and z(u, v). Again the explicit surface is a special case of the parametric
- representation where x = u, and y = v. Examples for plotting parametric
- surfaces in gnuplot can be `splot cos(u)*cos(v),cos(u)*sin(v),sin(u)` which
- defines a sphere, or `splot "datafile" using 1:2:3`. Since these are
- parametric surfaces, gnuplot must be informed to handle them by issuing
- `set parametric`.
-
- The curve polar form takes the obvious extensions in the surface world.
- The first possible extension is spherical coordinate system, while the
- second is the cylindrical one. These modes currently work for data files
- only and both requires two parameters, theta and phi for mapping onto the
- unit sphere, and theta and z form mapping on a unit radius cylinder as follow:
-
- Spherical coord. Cylin. coord.
- ---------------- -------------
- x = cos( theta ) * cos( phi ) x = cos( theta )
- y = sin( theta ) * cos( phi ) y = sin( theta )
- z = sin( phi ) z = z
-
- This subject brings us back to non planar curves. When surfaces are displayed
- under gnuplot, isocurves are actually getting plotted. An isocurve is a
- curve on the surface in which one of the two free parameters of the
- surface is fixed. For example the u isolines of a surface are drawn by
- setting u to be fixed and varying v along the entire v domain. The v isolines
- are similarly drawn by fixing v. When data files are specified they are
- classified internally into two types. A surface is tagged to have grid
- topology if all its specified isolines are of the same length. A data mesh
- of five isolines, seven points each is an example. In such a case the
- surface cross isolines are drawn as well. Seven isolines with five points
- each will be automatically created and drawn for grid type data. If
- however, isolines of different length are found in the data, it is
- tagged as nongrid surface and in fact is nothing more than a collection
- of three dimensional curves. Only the provided data is plotted in that
- case (see world.dem for such an example).
-